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玉苒厦永蒂经
The Urantia Book is a spiritual and philosophical book that discusses God, science, religion, history, philosophy, and destiny.[1] Sometimes it is referred to as The Urantia Papers, the Fifth Epochal Revelation,or by the abbreviation of its title. The book originated in Chicago,Illinois, U.S.A. sometime between 1924 and 1955, but its authorship isconsidered to be a mystery. (See Authorship.)
The authors of The Urantia Book state their intent is to"present enlarged concepts and advanced truth" in an "endeavor toexpand cosmic consciousness and enhance spiritual perception". Amongmany other topics, it expands on the origin and meaning of life, describes humankind's place in the universe, discusses the relationship between God and people, and presents a detailed biography of Jesus. The book is 2,097 pages long, and consists of a Foreword and 196 papers, divided into four parts.
The Urantia Book introduces the word Urantia as the name of the planet Earth. "Urantian" is a derivation used to denote anyone or anything that originates on Earth. Colloquially,the word "Urantian" is sometimes used to denote an individual whoadmires and believes in the book, but this meaning is not found in thebook itself.
The Urantia Foundation first published The Urantia Book in1955 in English. Translations into numerous languages are availablewith several new translations in process. In 2001, Urantia Foundationlost the U.S. copyright to the English version in a court decision andit went into the public domain,[2] and in 2006, the international copyright on the English text expired.[3] Complete, searchable editions of The Urantia Book are available on the Internet, as well as free audio versions.
Overview of The Urantia BookThe Urantia Book consists of the following:
- Table of Contents
- Foreword
- Part I: The Central and Superuniverses
- Part II: The Local Universe
- Part III: The History of Urantia
- Part IV: The Life and Teachings of Jesus
The Foreword is in outline form and is presented as a guide to theterminology used throughout the rest of the book, introducingexplanations for concepts and words that are developed in greaterdetail with later papers.
Part I consists of 31 papers that address what are considered thehighest levels of creation, beginning with the concepts of the eternal and infinite God.
Part II consists of 25 papers dedicated to an array of subjectspertaining to "local universes." Part II expands on Part I and presentsnarratives on the inhabitants of local universes and their work, as itis coordinated with God’s plans in the larger schemes of creation.
Part III consists of 63 papers that compile a broad history of theEarth. Part III presents a story of yet further examination andexplanation of the origin, history, purpose and destiny of the world and its inhabitants.The last paper of this section outlines the six bestowal incarnationsof Jesus before his advent on earth for a final and seventh bestowal.
Part IV consists of 77 papers and narrates "The Life and Teachingsof Jesus." Included are papers about his childhood, teenage years,numerous travels, several preaching tours, miracles,crises, and the events that led to his crucifixion, death andresurrection. It continues with papers on Pentecost, and finally, "TheFaith of Jesus." Part IV illustrates many of the concepts presented inthe first three parts through the story of Jesus' life.
[edit] Teachings
[edit] Nature of GodGod in The Urantia Book is the creator and upholder of all reality — an omniscient, omnipresent, omnipotent, infinite and eternal spirit personality.
The most fundamental teaching about God in the book is that he is aloving Father, with whom all may have a personal relationship. "Theface which the Infinite turns toward all universe personalities is theface of a Father, the Universal Father of love." Even during thedevelopment of numerous other themes in The Urantia Book, God as a loving Father is emphasized as the central, unifying attitude of God toward his creation.
From Paper 2, "The Nature of God":
God is inherently kind, naturally compassionate, and everlastinglymerciful. And never is it necessary that any influence be brought tobear upon the Father to call forth his loving-kindness. The creature'sneed is wholly sufficient to insure the full flow of the Father'stender mercies and his saving grace. Since God knows all about hischildren, it is easy for him to forgive. The better man understands hisneighbor, the easier it will be to forgive him, even to love him.
God is said to be a mystery though because of the infinite scope of his perfection and his attributes. From Paper 1, "The Universal Father":
God is not hiding from any of his creatures. He is unapproachable toso many orders of beings only because he "dwells in a light which nomaterial creature can approach." The immensity and grandeur of thedivine personality is beyond the grasp of the unperfected mind ofevolutionary mortals. Today, and as you are, you must discern theinvisible Maker through his manifold and diverse creation, as well asthrough the revelation and ministration of his Sons and their numeroussubordinates.
God according to the book is one Deity who functions on a range of different levels of reality, both personal and impersonal. God is taught to exist in a Trinityof three perfectly individualized persons who are co-equal: God theFather, God the Son, and God the Spirit. These persons are referred toby additional titles in the book, primarily as the "Universal Father","Eternal Son", and "Infinite Spirit". While stating that the concept ofone God in three persons is difficult to fully understand, the booksays it "in no manner violates the truth of the divine unity. The threepersonalities of Paradise Deity are, in all universe reality reactionsand in all creature relations, as one."
The Father, Son, and Spirit are considered "existential" persons ofDeity, those in existence from the eternal past to the eternal future.In addition, three persons of Deity are described who are"experiential", or incomplete and in the process of actualizing: Godthe Supreme, God the Ultimate, and God the Absolute. Of these three,God the Supreme, or "the Supreme Being", is given the most explanation,as the person of Deity evolving in time and space to unify finitereality and the infinite. The persons of God the Ultimate and God theAbsolute are considered to be remote from the possibility ofcomprehension and are covered on a limited basis.
Many types of celestial beings are enumerated in the book, and oneof particular note is a joint "offspring" of the Universal Father andEternal Son called a "Creator Son". A divine Creator Son is consideredthe full representation of the Universal Father and Eternal Son that ispossible to people. Jesus of Nazareth is identified as a Creator Sonwho incarnated on Earth and whose life and teachings are portrayed asthe fullest revelation of the personality and attitude of God evergiven to humanity.
Paper 196, the final paper, states:
To "follow Jesus" means to personally share his religious faith andto enter into the spirit of the Master's life of unselfish service forman. One of the most important things in human living is to find outwhat Jesus believed, to discover his ideals, and to strive for theachievement of his exalted life purpose. Of all human knowledge, thatwhich is of greatest value is to know the religious life of Jesus andhow he lived it.
[edit] God and the individualGod is described as the Father of each individual, and through the direct gift of a fragment of his eternal spirit, called a Thought Adjuster,God is able to communicate with the individual. The Thought Adjuster isalso called a "Mystery Monitor," "inner voice," "divine spark," and"pilot light." The concept is in ways comparable to the Hindu atman, the ancient Egyptian ka, and the Quaker inner light. From philosophy, it is similar to what Socrates' described as his "daimonion."In relation to biblical traditions, the Thought Adjuster is describedby the book as the meaning behind "being made in God's image" and the"kingdom of God is within you."
According to The Urantia Book, each normal-minded person receives one such fragment at the time of his or her first independent moraldecision, on average around the age of five years and ten months. TheAdjuster then serves noncoercively as a divine partner for the rest oflife, and to the extent that a person consents with their free willto want to find God, it constantly leads the person toward more mature,spiritualized thinking. Through the practice of learning how to followthe inner leadings of the Adjuster — choose "God's will" — theindividual progresses to greater God consciousness and spiritual growth.
A person's "Thought Adjuster" is described as distinct from either the soul or the conscience. In The Urantia Book'steachings, the degree to which a human mind chooses to accept itsAdjuster's guidance becomes the degree to which a person's soul "grows"and becomes a reality that can then survive death. The soul is inessence an embryonic spiritual development, with one parental factorbeing the divine Adjuster and the other being the human will.
The book many times links the biblical New Testamentteachings of becoming like a little child in attitude of trust andsincerity as being the essential and ideal stance each person shouldhave toward God. It says this attitude of open-minded teachabilityfacilitates spiritual growth in liaison with the work of the ThoughtAdjuster and invariably leads a person to love and serve other people.The book is strongly fideisticand teaches that neither science nor logic will ever be able to proveor disprove the existence of God, that faith is necessary to becomeconscious of God's presence in human experience, the Thought Adjuster.
From Paper 101, "The Real Nature of Religion":
Religious experience, being essentially spiritual, can never befully understood by the material mind; hence the function of theology,the psychology of religion. The essential doctrine of the humanrealization of God creates a paradox in finite comprehension. It iswell-nigh impossible for human logic and finite reason to harmonize theconcept of divine immanence, God within and a part of every individual,with the idea of God's transcendence, the divine domination of theuniverse of universes. These two essential concepts of Deity must beunified in the faith-grasp of the concept of the transcendence of apersonal God and in the realization of the indwelling presence of afragment of that God in order to justify intelligent worship andvalidate the hope of personality survival. The difficulties andparadoxes of religion are inherent in the fact that the realities ofreligion are utterly beyond the mortal capacity for intellectualcomprehension.
Persistently embracing sin is the same as rejecting the leadings of the Adjuster, the same as rejecting the willof God. Constant selfishness and sinful choosing will lead eventuallyto iniquity and full identification with unrighteousness, and sinceunrighteousness is unreal, it results in the eventual annihilation ofthe individual's identity — personalities like this become "as if theynever were." The book says that "in the last analysis, suchsin-identified individuals have destroyed themselves by becoming whollyunreal through their embrace of iniquity." The concepts of Hell and reincarnation are not taught.
From Paper 5, "God's Relation to the Individual":
The great God makes direct contact with mortal man and gives a partof his infinite and eternal and incomprehensible self to live and dwellwithin him. God has embarked upon the eternal adventure with man. Ifyou yield to the leadings of the spiritual forces in you and aroundyou, you cannot fail to attain the high destiny established by a lovingGod as the universe goal of his ascendant creatures from theevolutionary worlds of space.
The book says that a person is ultimately destined to fuse with hisor her divine fragment and become one inseparable entity with it, ifthe person has chosen to accept the Adjuster's leadings and becomeself-identified with it. The act of fusion is the moment when a humanpersonality has successfully and unalterably won eternal life,typically taking place in the afterlife, but also a possibility duringearthly life. Once fused with his or her fragment of God, a personcontinues as an ascending citizen in the universe and travels throughnumerous worlds on a long, adventurous pilgrimage of growth andlearning that eventually leads to God and Paradise. Mortals who reachthis stage are called "finaliters." The book goes on to discuss thepotential destinies of these "glorified mortals of the realms."
The Urantia Book places much emphasis on the idea that allindividuals have the same opportunity to come to know God, and it saysnothing can hinder or hurt a human being's spiritual progression if heor she is sincerely motivated to be spirit led. To want to know God andbecome like him is to be the supreme quest of each person. God mandated"be you perfect, even as I am perfect," and brought into existence avast universe scheme of ascension to assist mortal man in attaining thegoal. The destiny of each person who chooses to search for God is totraverse the many levels of creation to "meet God."
People are to actively work to understand each other and to seek tolive in love and peace, being of help to one another. The practice ofthe "religion of Jesus" is to love God the Father with a person's wholebeing, thereby learning to love each person the way Jesus loves people;that is, recognizing others as brothers and sisters and being ofunselfish service to one another.
[edit] CosmologyThe Urantia Book presents a detailed cosmological perspectiveon the universe and humankind's relation to it. It teaches that theuniverse is vastly older than current scientific theories state, andthat the universe is the product of intelligent and purposefulorganization.[4][5]
The term "universe" is used to denote a number of different scales of organization. (The book was written at a time when galaxies outside of the Milky Way were still called "island universes.") A superuniverse is roughly the size of a galaxy or group of galaxies. A local universe is described as approximately 0.00001 the size of a superuniverse. The modern dictionary definition of universe — all existing matter and spacetaken as a whole — is referred to as the "master universe." When theterm "universe" is used alone, the type usually can be inferred fromthe context.
The visualization of the cosmos presented from the center outward is:
- The Isle of Paradise — "the most gigantic organized body of cosmic reality in all the master universe."
- The Sacred Spheres of Paradise — twenty-one enormous worlds, threecircuits of seven worlds each — the Worlds of the Father, the Worlds ofthe Son, and the Worlds of the Spirit orbiting in three processions onthe inner margin of space.
- Havona — one billion (1,000,000,000) perfect worlds across sevencircuits, with "upwards of thirty-five million worlds" in the first orinner circuit, "over two hundred and forty-five million worlds" in theseventh or "outermost" circuit, and "proportional numbers" of worlds inthe intervening circuits.
- Surrounding these are "dark gravity bodies" that "completelyencircle and enshroud Havona" and whose "multitudinous bodies" are"divided into two equal elliptical circuits by a unique spaceintrusion." The Isle of Paradise, the twenty-one Sacred Spheres, theone billion worlds of Havona, and the orbiting dark gravity bodiestaken as a whole are interchangeably referred to as the "centraluniverse," the "divine universe," and the "Paradise-Havona system."
- The central universe is surrounded by a "relatively quiet midspace zone" of lessened motion and undisclosed diameter.
- Beyond the midspace zone, seven superuniverses swing around thecentral universe and have an approximate diameter of 400,000 - 500,000light-years. These contain the evolutionary worlds of time and space.The seven superuniverses are then immediately surrounded by anothermidspace zone "which varies in width but averages 400,000 light-years".One of the stated purposes of the cosmos is to provide worlds whereintelligent life may be created or evolved from primitive life. Each ofthe seven superuniverses, when fully developed, would haveapproximately one trillion inhabited worlds. Each divisional level has"architectural worlds," including a headquarters sphere, which areworlds made to order and are independently lighted and heated for thecelestial and other life of those spheres. They are created to beadministrative and educational worlds and are said to be at theapproximate, and sometimes exact, gravity center of their regions ofinhabited worlds and physical systems. A detailed organization ofsuperuniverses is provided. Briefly, levels of organization are:
- Individual inhabited worlds such as Urantia
- Local systems — 1,000 inhabited worlds
- Constellations — 100 local systems
- Local universes — 100 constellations
- Minor sectors — 100 local universes
- Major sectors — 100 minor sectors
- Superuniverses — 10 major sectors
- Beyond are enormous uninhabited "outer space levels." The firstouter space level is estimated to be fifty million light-years indiameter and surrounded by a midspace zone of approximately the samediameter.
- The second, third, and fourth outer space levels surround eachprevious level with greater and greater magnitude and each is separatedby a midspace zone of about the same magnitude as the previous spacelevel.
- From Appendix 3, Section 3 in "Sadler, William S., Jr., Appendices to A Study of The Master Universe", the authors of The Urantia Book "postulate an additional and unrevealed creation" beyond this, "a possible never-beginning, never-ending universe of infinity."
The book describes alternative explanations to current hypotheses inscience regarding the universe's origin, and suggests sources of errorin current astronomical observations. For example, the concept of"space respiration" — that all of space itself undergoes"two-billion-year expansion-contraction cycles"— is claimed to be partof the explanation for astronomic redshift. The Urantia Book says we are currently almost half way through an expansion cycle.
The Urantia Book states that the cosmology in the papers willbe in need of revision as new discoveries emerge in science, and thatits presentations are not meant to be a substitute for science.
[edit] History and future of the worldMain article: History and future of the world (The Urantia Book)
Urantia is considered one inhabited sphere among millions of othersin the universe. The book's extensive teachings about the history ofthe world include its physical development billions of years ago fromsolar material extrusions caused by a passing physical system alongwith later cataclysmic meteorcaptures, the gradual changes in conditions that allowed life todevelop, and the long ages of organic evolution that started withmicroscopic marine life and led to plant and animal life in the oceans,later on land. The emergence of humans is presented as having occurredfrom a branch of primates about a million years ago.
The Urantia Book says "this story is graphically told withinthe fossil pages of the vast 'stone book' of world record ... the pagesof this gigantic biogeologic recordunfailingly tell the truth if you but acquire skill in theirinterpretation." Unlike current scientific views, evolution is said tobe orderly and controlled. Primordial life is taught to have beenintelligently planned, implanted, and monitored by "Life Carriers,"instead of arising spontaneously. The book says that "mortal man is notan evolutionary accident," and that the purpose of evolution on aplanet such as Urantia is to produce creatures of "will dignity" thatcan develop spiritual natures and survive material existence, going onto have eternal spiritual careers.
The Urantia Book teaches not only biological evolution, butthat human society and spiritual understandings evolve by slowprogression, subject both to periods of rapid improvement and thepossibility of retrogression. Progress is said to follow a divine planthat includes periodic gifts of revelation and ministry by heavenlyteachers, which eventually will lead to an ideal world status of "lightand life" in the far distant future.
Though there is the ideal and divine plan, it is fostered andadministered by various orders of celestial beings who are less thanperfect. Through mistakes or deliberate rebellion, the plan can bewrecked, requiring long spans of time to recoup lost progress. Urantiais taught to be a markedly "dark and confused" planet that is "greatlyretarded in all phases of intellectual progress and spiritualattainment" compared to more typical inhabited worlds, due to anunusually severe history of rebellion and default by its spiritualsupervisors.
[edit] Comparisons to religious teachings
[edit] Comparison to ChristianityOf all current world religions, The Urantia Book's teachings are most consistent with the teachings of Christianity. However, there are numerous and significant differences between The Urantia Book and commonly accepted Christian beliefs.
Jesus is held in high regard by The Urantia Book, as he is inthe New Testament of the Bible. More than one third of the content ofthe book (Part IV), is devoted to a narrative of his life andteachings. The narrative is said to be a restatement of Jesus' life andteachings based on a gathering of "superior concepts" from over twothousand individuals who have lived since his times, as well as"superhuman" and "superplanetary sources of information".
The following are attributed to Jesus, as in the Bible[1]:
- He was a Son of God incarnate, born to Mary and Joseph
- He was God in man, both human and divine
- He lived a perfect life
- He revealed God to man as "the way, the truth, and the life"
- He performed many of the miracles described in the Bible, such as the resurrection of Lazarus, the turning of water into wine, the feeding of the five thousand, and numerous healings of the blind, diseased, and infirm
- He taught twelve apostles, nine of whom went on to spread his teachings
- He was crucified, and on the third day after his death, rose from the dead
- He will return to our world again some day
The Urantia Book shares the following general concepts with most Christian faiths[1]:
- God is the creator of all reality
- God is omniscient, omnipresent, omnipotent, infinite, and eternal
- God is described as a loving personality–"God is love"
- God is a single deity that exists in a Trinity of three persons
- God has a vast "heavenly host"
- Believers who have a personal relationship with God are "born of the spirit"
- Those having faith survive death
- Angels and divine personalities exist and can be sent to guard and minister to people throughout their lives.
Some differences with Christianity include[4][6][5]:
- Jesus' crucifixion is not considered an atonementfor the sins of humanity. The crucifixion is taught to be an outcome ofthe fears of religious leaders of the day, who regarded his teachingsas a threat to their positions of authority.
- God is never wrathful or angry. He is a personality entirely motivated by Father-like love.
- Jesus is the human incarnation of "Michael of Nebadon," one of morethan 700,000 "Paradise Sons" of God, or "Creator Sons." Jesus is notconsidered the second person of the Trinity as he is in Christianity. The book refers to the Eternal Son as the second person of the Trinity.
- Jesus was born on earth through natural means of conception instead of a virgin birth.
- Jesus did not walk on water or perform some of the miracles that are attributed to him in the Bible.
- Jesus rose from the dead in a "more glorified form," reflective ofa transitional state between material and spiritual existence known as"morontia". As with all mortals, his physical body was subject todecomposition, but celestial beings removed his body from the tomb forthe immediate dissolution of his remains through a process of"accelerated time."
- The book states that Jesus may return to the world many times. Christian eschatology doctrines such as the Rapture, where Jesus returns to take faithful believers to heaven and leaves behind unbelievers for tribulation, are not supported.
[edit] Comparison to BuddhismThe Urantia Book considers Buddhismone of the "great international, interracial faiths" and says it "hasshown an adaptability to the mores of many peoples that has beenequaled only by Christianity."
Gautama Siddhartha is called a real prophetwhose doctrines were revolutionary and amazing for their time. He iscredited with being one of the seven outstanding teachers in humanhistory, a group that includes Moses, Laozi, and the Apostle Paul.
The teaching that a divine nature — the Buddha-nature— resides in all people, and that through their own endeavors peoplecan attain a realization of this inner divinity, is cited as one of theclearest presentations of the concept of the Thought Adjuster to befound in non-revelatory religion.
The book says Gautama's experience was tragic, however, in that hewas an "orphan prophet" whose philosophy failed early on to envisionthe reality of a spiritual God.
Despite this, the book states: "Buddhism is a living, growingreligion today because it succeeds in conserving many of the highestmoral values of its adherents. It promotes calmness and self-control,augments serenity and happiness, and does much to prevent sorrow andmourning. Those who believe this philosophy live better lives than manywho do not."
[edit] Comparison to other world religionsNumerous facets of the book are recognizeable in other worldreligions. There are commonalities with Islam, Taoism, Judaism,Hinduism, Shinto, and Confucianism, and several other religionsthroughout recorded history. The authors of The Urantia Book encourage the study of all religions to take "the best" from each.
Paper 131, "The World's Religions",discusses more in-depth those facets of some of the world's religionsthat have commonalities with the "religion of Jesus," but there arealso numerous other references to the world's various religionsthroughout Part III, "The History of Urantia," beginning with Paper 86,"Early Evolution of Religion".
[edit] Consideration as literatureThe Urantia Book has been enjoyed by some as a form of science fiction, historical fiction, or fantasy. By others it is considered as historical fact. The Urantia Book is noted for its high level of internal consistency and an advanced writing style. Even the skeptic Martin Gardner,in his critical book, writes that it is "highly imaginative" and thatthe "cosmology outrivals in fantasy the cosmology of anyscience-fiction work known to me."
Parts I, II, and III are chiefly written in expository language. Thepapers are informational, matter-of-fact, and instructional. Part IV ofthe book is written as a biography of Jesus' life, and some feel it isa rich narrative with well-developed characters, high attention todetail, woven sub-plots, and realistic dialogue. Considered asliterature, Part IV is favorably compared to other retellings of Jesus'life, such as The Gospel According to Jesus Christ by José Saramago and Behold the Man by Michael Moorcock.Martin Gardner considers Part IV to be an especially "well-written,impressive work," and says, "Either it is accurate in its history,coming directly from higher beings in position to know, or it is a workof fertile imagination by someone who knew the New Testament by heartand who was also steeped in knowledge of the times when Jesus lived."
[edit] AuthorshipThe exact circumstances of the origin of The Urantia Book areunknown. The book and its publishers do not name a human author, butinstead it is written as if directly presented by numerous celestialbeings appointed to the task of providing an "epochal" spiritualrevelation to humankind.[4][7][8]
As early as 1911, William S. Sadler and his wife Lena Sadler,physicians in Chicago and well known in the community, were introducedto an individual whose wife reported that she could not wake him. Overtime, the unconscious subject produced communications that seemed as ifthey were from entities who claimed to be spiritual beings. The Sadlerswere both respected physicians and William Sadler was a debunker ofparanormal claims, who is portrayed as not believing in thesupernatural. In 1929, he published a book The Mind at Mischiefin which he explained fraudulent methods of mediums and howself-deception leads to psychic claims. He wrote in an appendix thatthere were only a few cases that he had not explained to hissatisfaction.[1]
The other exception has to do with a rather peculiar case of psychicphenomena, one which I find myself unable to classify, and which Iwould like very much to narrate more fully; I cannot do so here,however, because of a promise which I feel under obligation to keepsacredly. In other words, I have promised not to publish this caseduring the lifetime of the individual. I hope sometime to secure amodification of that promise and be able to report this case more fullybecause of its interesting features. I was brought in contact with it,in the summer of 1911, and I have had it under my observation more orless ever since, having been present at probably 250 of the nightsessions, many of which have been attended by a stenographer who madevoluminous notes.
A thorough study of this case has convinced me that it is not one ofordinary trance. While the sleep seems to be quite of a natural order,it is very profound, and so far we have never been able to awaken thesubject when in this state; but the body is never rigid, and the heartaction is never modified, though respiration is sometimes markedlyinterfered with. This man is utterly unconscious, wholly oblivious towhat takes place, and unless told about it subsequently, never knowsthat he has been used as a sort of clearing house for the coming andgoing of alleged extra-planetary personalities. In fact, he is more orless indifferent to the whole proceeding, and shows a surprising lackof interest in these affairs as they occur from time to time.
Eighteen years of study and careful investigation have failed toreveal the psychic origin of these messages. I find myself at thepresent time just where I was when I started. Psychoanalysis,hypnotism, intensive comparison, fail to show that the written orspoken messages of this individual have origin in his own mind. Much ofthe material secured through this subject is quite contrary to hishabits of thought, to the way in which he has been taught, and to hisentire philosophy. In fact, of much that we have secured, we havefailed to find anything of its nature in existence. Its philosophiccontent is quite new, and we are unable to find where very much of ithas ever found human expression.
In 1924, a group of Sadler's friends, former patients, andcolleagues originally began meeting for Sunday intellectualdiscussions, but became interested in the strange communications whenSadler mentioned the case and read samples at their request. Shortlyafterwards, a communication reportedly was received that this groupwould be allowed to devise questions and that answers would be given bycelestial beings through the "contact personality".
Sadler presented this development to the group, and they generatedhundreds of questions without full seriousness, but it resulted in theappearance, one by one, of answers in the form of fully written papers.They became more impressed with the quality of the answers andcontinued to ask questions, until all papers now collected together as The Urantia Bookwere received. The group was known as the Forum. A smaller group offive individuals called the Contact Commission, including the Sadlers,was responsible for gathering the questions from the Forum, acting asthe custodians of the handwritten manuscripts that were presented asanswers, and arranging for proofreading and typing of the material thatarrived.
The Sadlers and others involved, now all deceased, claimed[9]that the papers of the book were physically materialized from 1925until 1935 in a way that was not understood even by them, with thefirst three parts being completed in 1934 and the fourth in 1935. Thelast Forum gathering was in 1942. Also documented are methods ofreception that Sadler refuted as the way the papers were received.[7]The individual known as the "contact personality" or "sleeping subject"is said to have been kept anonymous in order to prevent undesirablefuture veneration or reverence for him.
After all of the written material was received in 1935, anadditional period of time took place where requests for clarificationsresulted in revisions. Sadler and his son William (Bill) Sadler, Jr. atone point wrote a draft introduction but were supposedly told that theycould not add their introduction because "A city can not be lit by acandle."[2] The Foreword was then provided. Bill Sadler is noted to have composed the table of contents that is published with the book.
The communications with the celestial beings purportedly continuedfor another two decades while members of the Forum began to study thebook in depth, and according to Sadler and others, permission topublish it was given to them in 1955. The Urantia Foundation was formedin 1950, and through privately raised funds, the book was publishedunder international copyright on October 12, 1955.
[edit] Critical viewsThe Urantia Book has received limited published or formal critical analysis. Likely the most common points of contention include:
- It claims to be a revelation from celestial beings and is written as if directly presented by these celestial beings.
- From a scientific point of view, parts of the science it describes conflict with modern theories.
- Some of the concepts are alleged to have been plagiarized.
- To those who assert that the Bible is the inerrant word of God, itdenies some Christian doctrines that are held to be true, and thereforeis not acceptable.
[edit] Criticisms of claims as a revelationIn Paper 92, "The Later Evolution of Religion", the authors list the papers as the fifth revelation of "epochal significance" to humankind, the fourth epochal revelation having been the life of Jesus.
The book has been in print since 1955, but in comparison to other religious or holy books that have a recent origin and revelatory claims, such as the Book of Mormon, popularity of The Urantia Bookhas not grown as fast. Brad Gooch writes, "Because of its insistence onhaving been written by a committee of extraterrestrial beings, The Urantia Book falls for most people to the far left of believability."[5] The small movement inspired by The Urantia Bookhas not developed institutions such as churches, reading rooms, ortemples, and has no membership by which a census of the number offollowers can be taken.[5] As of 2006, the Urantia Foundation had one office in Chicago and five people on staff.[3]
The claim of revelation in The Urantia Book has been criticized for various reasons. Skeptics such as Martin Gardnersay it is a product of human efforts rather than a revelation becausesome of its science is flawed. Because the book does not supportcertain fundamental tenets of Christianity, while at the same timepresenting an account of Jesus' life with non-Biblical elements, thosewith a Christian viewpoint have argued it cannot be a genuine divinerevelation. Some have considered it to be gnostic, however The Urantia Bookdoes not advocate tenets associated with Gnosticism. Other critics havefelt that at over 2,000 pages — nearly twice the length of the King James Bible — it is too long, complex, and bureaucratic in its thinking.
[edit] Criticism of scienceIn Paper 101, "The Real Nature of Religion," the authors write:
We full well know that, while the historic facts and religioustruths of this series of revelatory presentations will stand on therecords of the ages to come, within a few short years many of ourstatements regarding the physical sciences will stand in need ofrevision in consequence of additional scientific developments and newdiscoveries. These new developments we even now foresee, but we areforbidden to include such humanly undiscovered facts in the revelatoryrecords. Let it be made clear that revelations are not necessarilyinspired. The cosmology of these revelations is not inspired.
Skeptics like Martin Gardner see the science in The Urantia Bookas clear reflections of the views that prevailed at the time the bookis said to have originated. The claim by the authors that no unknownscientific discoveries could be imparted is seen as a ruse to allowmistakes to be dismissed later. That presentation of post-1955scientific knowledge is avoided is taken to be evidence it was writtenby humans and not by celestial beings with superior knowledge.
Criticisms regarding the science in The Urantia Book include[4]:
- The described formation of the solar system is consistent with the Chamberlin-Moulton planetesimal hypothesis [3]. Though popular in the early part of the 20th century, by the early 1940s it was discarded by Henry Russell's argument that it was incompatible with the angular momentum of planets such as Jupiter [4]. The currently accepted scientific explanation for the origin of the solar system is based on the nebular hypothesis.
- The age of our universe is stated to be more than 1,000,000,000,000years old and the universe is said to periodically expand and contract— respire — at 2-billion-year intervals. The big bang theory is not supported.
- A fundamental particle called an "ultimaton" is proposed, with an electronbeing composed of 100 ultimatons. The particle is not known to bedescribed anywhere else and the concept is not supported by modern particle physics.
- Some species are said to have evolved suddenly from single mutations without transitional species. The theory originated with Dutch botanist Hugo De Vries but was short-lived and is not now supported.
- According to The Urantia Book, multi-colored human racesoriginated suddenly in one generation and in one family, producingbrothers and sisters that variously turned blue, yellow, red, green,orange, and indigo when exposed to sunlight. Their offspringsubsequently favored the parent color. Later, Adam and Eveproduced a violet race. In the book's account, the blue, yellow, andred races were considered "primary," and the green, orange, and indigo"secondary." The green and orange races were driven to extinction, andthe rest mixed over time. Modern evolutionary theory does not support this account.
- The book repeats the idea prevalent at the time of its origin that one side of the planet Mercury always faces the sun due to tidal locking. In 1965, radio astronomersdiscovered that Mercury actually rotates fast enough for all sides tosee exposure to the sun. Also in the same passage, the book erroneouslystates that tidal friction will slow the rotation of a planet or otherorbiting body "until axial revolution ceases." Revolutions do notcease, however, but stabilize so that the time to complete onerevolution becomes equal to the time needed to complete an orbit.
- The book says that a solar eclipse was predicted in 1808 by the Native American prophet Tenskwatawa. The eclipse actually was predicted in late April of 1806 and occurred on June 16, 1806.
Controversial statements about human races can be found in the book.Supporters state that criticism has arisen mainly due to readingpassages out of context. Gardner believes that William S. Sadler, who wrote some eugenicist works, had a hand in editing or writing the book, and that this is how the ideas were included.
While some adherents of the book believe that all of the information in The Urantia Bookincluding its science is literally true, many others accept the book'scaveats and do not believe that the science is fully accurate.
Meredith Sprunger, a liberal believer in The Urantia Book and retired minister in the United Church of Christ, writes, "research has revealed that virtually all of the scientific material found in The Urantia Bookwas the accepted scientific knowledge of the period in which the bookwas written, was held by some scientists of that time, or was about tobe discovered or recognized." He argues against its literalinfallibility and that fundamentalism over the book is "just asuntenable as Biblical fundamentalism."[4]
Other believers maintain that the book has prophetically anticipatedscientific advances already. They believe more of its science — if notall of it — will be proven correct in the future. Gardner evaluatedmany of these claims as of 1995 and found them unconvincing. Some arisebecause the book is said to have been indited by the revelators by1935, but then was not published until 1955. Science discovered duringthe two intervening decades can be perceived as prophetic by believers,while skeptics think such facts were added prior to publication. Forinstance, the catalytic role that carbon plays in the sun's nuclear reactions is described in the book, though Hans Bethe's announcement of the discovery was not made until 1938.
The only apparent anticipation of science the book has made, in Gardner's opinion, is that it says the magnetic sense that homing pigeonspossess is "not wholly wanting as a conscious possession by mankind."In 1980, a British zoologist, Robin Baker, published evidence thathumans have a limited magnetic sense.
[edit] Plagiarism allegationsThe Urantia Book states in its Foreword that more than onethousand "human concepts representing the highest and most advancedplanetary knowledge of spiritual values and universe meanings" wereselected in preparing the papers concerning the Deities and the"universe of universes." The authors say that although "it isexceedingly difficult to present enlarged concepts and advanced truth"using the English language, they are required to "give preference tothe highest existing human concepts pertaining to the subjects to bepresented" and "may resort to pure revelation only when the concept ofpresentation has had no adequate previous expression by the human mind."
In recent years, students of the papers have found that the free use of other sources appears to be true.[4][5] None of the material allegedly used from other sources are directly cited or referenced within the book.
In 1992, a reader of The Urantia Book, Matthew Block, self-published a paper that showed nineteen alleged examples of The Urantia Book utilizing material published earlier.[10]All of the source authors identified in Block's paper were published inEnglish between 1905 and 1943 by U.S. publishers and are typicallyscholarly or academic works that contain concepts and wording similarto what is found in The Urantia Book. Block has since claimedto have discovered over 125 source books and articles, written by over90 authors, which were incorporated into the papers.[4]
The use of outside source materials was studied separately byGardner and Gooch, and they concluded that the book did use many of thesources noted by Block. Gardner found that at least one of the sourcebook authors was quoted in earlier works by Sadler, and most of thebooks purportedly would have been available to Sadler or Forum membersin Chicago prior to 1955.
For instance, Gardner and Block note that Paper 85 appears to have been taken from the first eight chapters of Origin and Evolution of Religion by E. Washburn Hopkins, published by Yale University Pressin 1923. Each section of the paper corresponds to a chapter in thebook, with several passages possibly used as direct material. Likewise,much of The Urantia Book material relating to the evolution of mankind appears to have been directly taken from Henry Fairfield Osborn, Man Rises to Parnassus: Critical Epochs in the Prehistory of Man published by Princeton University Press in 1928.
In one example cited by Block, the original author discusses theperiodicity of the chemical elements and concludes that the harmony inthe construction of the atom suggests some unspecified plan oforganization. After being "plagiarized," the authors of The Urantia Book assert that this harmony is evidence of the intelligent design of the universe. W. F. G. Swann writes on page 64 of The Architecture of the Universe (italics indicate edits, bolding indicates deletions):
Starting from any one of them [i.e., chemical elements], and noting some property such as the melting point, for example, the property would change as we went along the row, but as we continued it would gradually come back to the condition very similar to that which we started ... The eighth element was in many respects like the first, the ninth like the second, the tenth like the third, and so on. Such a slate of affairs point[s] not only to avaried internal structure, but also to a certain harmony in thatvariation suggestive of some organized plan in building the atom.
Contrast with The Urantia Book's version:
Starting from any one element, after noting some one property, such a quality will exchange for six consecutive elements, but on reaching the eighth, it tends to reappear, that is, the eighth chemically active element resembles the first, the ninth the second, and so on. Such a fact of the physical world unmistakably points to thesevenfold constitution of ancestral energy and is indicative of thefundamental reality of the sevenfold diversity of the creations of timeand space.
Block and many believers do not see the use of human source materials as plagiarism. Block writes:
One probable reason that the human sources were left undisguised wasto enable students to discern, through comparative analysis, how thiscoordination of planetary knowledge was actually effected. As mentionedabove, the initial analyses have already proved tremendouslyilluminating in this regard. Another reason was to keep us aware of thebook’s anchorage in a specific time and place. While a very large partof the book is of timeless value and perennial applicability, some ofits discussions directly address and respond to the world situation ofthe early 20th century. Thus, every generation will have to determinethe relevance and applicability of certain of the book’s teachings toits own situation.
Emerging from all these discoveries is the gratifying realizationthat the Urantia Book is exactly what its authors claim it to be....
It should be noted that the wording and phraseology is not a verbatim replication. In some instances, the authors of The Urantia Book have made subtle changes to, or expansions of, the possible source materials.
[edit] AdherentsThere is no way to gauge who "adherents" are as there are no groupsto census. However, it appears that a growing number of people arereading the book and forming study groups, creating and joiningInternet discussion groups, and hosting or visiting websites about it.[5]
Many people find The Urantia Book to be attractive because it offers a reconciliation for the apparent discrepancies between modern science and religion.A passage states that true science and true religion do not oppose eachother. Others find it attractive because it offers new perspectives onphilosophical and theological questions such as, for example, "theproblem of evil."
The Urantia Book teaches friendliness, non-violence — whilesaying that organized society has a right to employ force to enforcejust laws — and a life of unselfish ministry toward others. The Urantia Book neither advocates nor opposes organized religion.
[edit] Symbols
A symbol described in The Urantia Book consists of threeconcentric blue circles on a white background. The circles are said tohave symbolized several trinity associations in the history ofhumankind. The authors of The Urantia Book indicate itsrevealed meaning as being "the infinity, eternity, and universality ofthe Paradise Trinity of divine maintenance and direction."
The original publisher, Urantia Foundation, placed the concentric circles on the cover of The Urantia Book and has a United States trademark. The circles are used to indicate other organizations affiliated with the Urantia Foundation.
The Urantia Association International, one of the main readershiporganizations in the movement, has been licensed by Urantia Foundationto use the three blue concentric circles on a white background.
Some other groups use the symbol in various altered forms.
[edit] The Urantia Book in popular culture- German composer Karlheinz Stockhausen's massive opera cycle Lichtis not "based on" the book (as sometimes is said), but does makereference to it in the first and third acts of Donnerstag (Thursday),and in the symbols associated with two of the three main characters,Michael and Lucifer.
- The American band Deadsy is influenced by The Urantia Book, and makes references to it in several songs.
- The album Monolith, by the American progressive rock group Kansas, was largely influenced by The Urantia Book, reflecting an interest in the movement by bandmember Kerry Livgren before his conversion to Christianity.
- The psychedelic/rock group Spirit likewise released a series of albums influenced by The Urantia Bookduring the mid-1970s. This was well after the band's commercial heydayhad ended and the influence is most notable on the albums Spirit of '76 and Son of Spirit.
- Jazz Fusion band Weather Report's seventh album titled "Heavy Weather" features a track titled "Havona" which is written by bass guitar legend Jaco Pastorius.
- Pato Banton, an international reggae recording artist and believer in The Urantia Book, regularly performs and has dedicated himself to raising awareness about it.
- Author Denis Johnson describes a follower of the book within his novel Angels, in which the character Jeanine recites lines from the text and attempts to convert her boyfriend into following the book.
- There have been accusations of J.J. Benítez plagiarizing The Urantia Book for his Spanish-language novel series Caballo de Troya about an USAF time travel to interact with Jesus. Benítez has denied plagiarism[11].
- Ashtar-Urantia- Audio CD- Celtic-flavoured progressive rock,
- Urantia Rising by Various Artists (Audio CD - 2006) -Import
- Mykl Lozin -Ascension - the 7th Wave -Audio CD-Australian composer and Violinist - Mykl Lozin. 3.Urantia
- In the Six Feet Undertie-in book Better Living Through Death, correspondence betweenNathaniel Fisher, Sr. and a family unable to pay for their mother'srecent funeral includes an offer from Nathaniel to accept a copy of theUrantia Book in lieu of payment.
[edit] See also
[edit] References- ^ a b c Urantia Foundation (1955). The Urantia Book." Urantia Foundation. ISBN 0-911560-02-5
- ^ Michael Foundation, Inc. v. Urantia Foundation v. Harry McMullan, III US Court of Appeals affirms a jury decision that Urantia Foundation does not hold the copyright to The Urantia Book and the book is legally in the public domain
- ^ a b 2006 Urantia Foundation annual report (PDF)
- ^ a b c d e f g Gardner, Martin (1995). Urantia: The Great Cult Mystery. Prometheus Books. ISBN 0-87975-955-0
- ^ a b c d e f Gooch, Brad (2002). Godtalk : Travels in Spiritual America. Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0-679-44709-1
- ^ House, Dr. H. Wayne (2000). Charts of Cults, Sects, and Religious Movements. Zondervan. ISBN 0-310-38551-2
- ^ a b "Notes For A History of The Urantia Movement"
- ^ "How The Urantia Book Came Into Existence" by William S. Sadler, Jr., February 18, 1962.
- ^ Affidavit of Dr. Meredith Sprunger on October 24, 1998 regarding the origin of The Urantia Book
- ^ "Some Human Sources of The Urantia Book" by Matthew Block, originally published in 1992. Describes suspected parallels Block found between The Urantia Book and possible human sources of material.
- ^ Question session for Benítez in Spanish by the readers of El Mundo, 5th October 2000.
[edit] External links
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